# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Fairly basic set of tools for real-time data augmentation on image data.

Can easily be extended to include new transformations,
new preprocessing methods, etc...
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

from functools import partial
import multiprocessing.pool
import os
import re
import threading

import numpy as np
from six.moves import range  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin

from tensorflow.contrib.keras.python.keras import backend as K
from tensorflow.python.platform import tf_logging as logging


# pylint: disable=g-import-not-at-top
try:
  from PIL import Image as pil_image
except ImportError:
  pil_image = None
try:
  from scipy import linalg
  import scipy.ndimage as ndi
except ImportError:
  linalg = None
  ndi = None
# pylint: enable=g-import-not-at-top


def random_rotation(x,
                    rg,
                    row_axis=1,
                    col_axis=2,
                    channel_axis=0,
                    fill_mode='nearest',
                    cval=0.):
  """Performs a random rotation of a Numpy image tensor.

  Arguments:
      x: Input tensor. Must be 3D.
      rg: Rotation range, in degrees.
      row_axis: Index of axis for rows in the input tensor.
      col_axis: Index of axis for columns in the input tensor.
      channel_axis: Index of axis for channels in the input tensor.
      fill_mode: Points outside the boundaries of the input
          are filled according to the given mode
          (one of `{'constant', 'nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap'}`).
      cval: Value used for points outside the boundaries
          of the input if `mode='constant'`.

  Returns:
      Rotated Numpy image tensor.
  """
  theta = np.pi / 180 * np.random.uniform(-rg, rg)
  rotation_matrix = np.array([[np.cos(theta), -np.sin(theta), 0],
                              [np.sin(theta), np.cos(theta), 0], [0, 0, 1]])

  h, w = x.shape[row_axis], x.shape[col_axis]
  transform_matrix = transform_matrix_offset_center(rotation_matrix, h, w)
  x = apply_transform(x, transform_matrix, channel_axis, fill_mode, cval)
  return x


def random_shift(x,
                 wrg,
                 hrg,
                 row_axis=1,
                 col_axis=2,
                 channel_axis=0,
                 fill_mode='nearest',
                 cval=0.):
  """Performs a random spatial shift of a Numpy image tensor.

  Arguments:
      x: Input tensor. Must be 3D.
      wrg: Width shift range, as a float fraction of the width.
      hrg: Height shift range, as a float fraction of the height.
      row_axis: Index of axis for rows in the input tensor.
      col_axis: Index of axis for columns in the input tensor.
      channel_axis: Index of axis for channels in the input tensor.
      fill_mode: Points outside the boundaries of the input
          are filled according to the given mode
          (one of `{'constant', 'nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap'}`).
      cval: Value used for points outside the boundaries
          of the input if `mode='constant'`.

  Returns:
      Shifted Numpy image tensor.
  """
  h, w = x.shape[row_axis], x.shape[col_axis]
  tx = np.random.uniform(-hrg, hrg) * h
  ty = np.random.uniform(-wrg, wrg) * w
  translation_matrix = np.array([[1, 0, tx], [0, 1, ty], [0, 0, 1]])

  transform_matrix = translation_matrix  # no need to do offset
  x = apply_transform(x, transform_matrix, channel_axis, fill_mode, cval)
  return x


def random_shear(x,
                 intensity,
                 row_axis=1,
                 col_axis=2,
                 channel_axis=0,
                 fill_mode='nearest',
                 cval=0.):
  """Performs a random spatial shear of a Numpy image tensor.

  Arguments:
      x: Input tensor. Must be 3D.
      intensity: Transformation intensity.
      row_axis: Index of axis for rows in the input tensor.
      col_axis: Index of axis for columns in the input tensor.
      channel_axis: Index of axis for channels in the input tensor.
      fill_mode: Points outside the boundaries of the input
          are filled according to the given mode
          (one of `{'constant', 'nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap'}`).
      cval: Value used for points outside the boundaries
          of the input if `mode='constant'`.

  Returns:
      Sheared Numpy image tensor.
  """
  shear = np.random.uniform(-intensity, intensity)
  shear_matrix = np.array([[1, -np.sin(shear), 0], [0, np.cos(shear), 0],
                           [0, 0, 1]])

  h, w = x.shape[row_axis], x.shape[col_axis]
  transform_matrix = transform_matrix_offset_center(shear_matrix, h, w)
  x = apply_transform(x, transform_matrix, channel_axis, fill_mode, cval)
  return x


def random_zoom(x,
                zoom_range,
                row_axis=1,
                col_axis=2,
                channel_axis=0,
                fill_mode='nearest',
                cval=0.):
  """Performs a random spatial zoom of a Numpy image tensor.

  Arguments:
      x: Input tensor. Must be 3D.
      zoom_range: Tuple of floats; zoom range for width and height.
      row_axis: Index of axis for rows in the input tensor.
      col_axis: Index of axis for columns in the input tensor.
      channel_axis: Index of axis for channels in the input tensor.
      fill_mode: Points outside the boundaries of the input
          are filled according to the given mode
          (one of `{'constant', 'nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap'}`).
      cval: Value used for points outside the boundaries
          of the input if `mode='constant'`.

  Returns:
      Zoomed Numpy image tensor.

  Raises:
      ValueError: if `zoom_range` isn't a tuple.
  """
  if len(zoom_range) != 2:
    raise ValueError('`zoom_range` should be a tuple or list of two floats. '
                     'Received arg: ', zoom_range)

  if zoom_range[0] == 1 and zoom_range[1] == 1:
    zx, zy = 1, 1
  else:
    zx, zy = np.random.uniform(zoom_range[0], zoom_range[1], 2)
  zoom_matrix = np.array([[zx, 0, 0], [0, zy, 0], [0, 0, 1]])

  h, w = x.shape[row_axis], x.shape[col_axis]
  transform_matrix = transform_matrix_offset_center(zoom_matrix, h, w)
  x = apply_transform(x, transform_matrix, channel_axis, fill_mode, cval)
  return x


def random_channel_shift(x, intensity, channel_axis=0):
  x = np.rollaxis(x, channel_axis, 0)
  min_x, max_x = np.min(x), np.max(x)
  channel_images = [
      np.clip(x_channel + np.random.uniform(-intensity, intensity), min_x,
              max_x) for x_channel in x
  ]
  x = np.stack(channel_images, axis=0)
  x = np.rollaxis(x, 0, channel_axis + 1)
  return x


def transform_matrix_offset_center(matrix, x, y):
  o_x = float(x) / 2 + 0.5
  o_y = float(y) / 2 + 0.5
  offset_matrix = np.array([[1, 0, o_x], [0, 1, o_y], [0, 0, 1]])
  reset_matrix = np.array([[1, 0, -o_x], [0, 1, -o_y], [0, 0, 1]])
  transform_matrix = np.dot(np.dot(offset_matrix, matrix), reset_matrix)
  return transform_matrix


def apply_transform(x,
                    transform_matrix,
                    channel_axis=0,
                    fill_mode='nearest',
                    cval=0.):
  """Apply the image transformation specified by a matrix.

  Arguments:
      x: 2D numpy array, single image.
      transform_matrix: Numpy array specifying the geometric transformation.
      channel_axis: Index of axis for channels in the input tensor.
      fill_mode: Points outside the boundaries of the input
          are filled according to the given mode
          (one of `{'constant', 'nearest', 'reflect', 'wrap'}`).
      cval: Value used for points outside the boundaries
          of the input if `mode='constant'`.

  Returns:
      The transformed version of the input.
  """
  x = np.rollaxis(x, channel_axis, 0)
  final_affine_matrix = transform_matrix[:2, :2]
  final_offset = transform_matrix[:2, 2]
  channel_images = [
      ndi.interpolation.affine_transform(
          x_channel,
          final_affine_matrix,
          final_offset,
          order=0,
          mode=fill_mode,
          cval=cval) for x_channel in x
  ]
  x = np.stack(channel_images, axis=0)
  x = np.rollaxis(x, 0, channel_axis + 1)
  return x


def flip_axis(x, axis):
  x = np.asarray(x).swapaxes(axis, 0)
  x = x[::-1, ...]
  x = x.swapaxes(0, axis)
  return x


def array_to_img(x, data_format=None, scale=True):
  """Converts a 3D Numpy array to a PIL Image instance.

  Arguments:
      x: Input Numpy array.
      data_format: Image data format.
      scale: Whether to rescale image values
          to be within [0, 255].

  Returns:
      A PIL Image instance.

  Raises:
      ImportError: if PIL is not available.
      ValueError: if invalid `x` or `data_format` is passed.
  """
  if pil_image is None:
    raise ImportError('Could not import PIL.Image. '
                      'The use of `array_to_img` requires PIL.')
  x = np.asarray(x, dtype=K.floatx())
  if x.ndim != 3:
    raise ValueError('Expected image array to have rank 3 (single image). '
                     'Got array with shape:', x.shape)

  if data_format is None:
    data_format = K.image_data_format()
  if data_format not in {'channels_first', 'channels_last'}:
    raise ValueError('Invalid data_format:', data_format)

  # Original Numpy array x has format (height, width, channel)
  # or (channel, height, width)
  # but target PIL image has format (width, height, channel)
  if data_format == 'channels_first':
    x = x.transpose(1, 2, 0)
  if scale:
    x = x + max(-np.min(x), 0)  # pylint: disable=g-no-augmented-assignment
    x_max = np.max(x)
    if x_max != 0:
      x /= x_max
    x *= 255
  if x.shape[2] == 3:
    # RGB
    return pil_image.fromarray(x.astype('uint8'), 'RGB')
  elif x.shape[2] == 1:
    # grayscale
    return pil_image.fromarray(x[:, :, 0].astype('uint8'), 'L')
  else:
    raise ValueError('Unsupported channel number: ', x.shape[2])


def img_to_array(img, data_format=None):
  """Converts a PIL Image instance to a Numpy array.

  Arguments:
      img: PIL Image instance.
      data_format: Image data format.

  Returns:
      A 3D Numpy array.

  Raises:
      ValueError: if invalid `img` or `data_format` is passed.
  """
  if data_format is None:
    data_format = K.image_data_format()
  if data_format not in {'channels_first', 'channels_last'}:
    raise ValueError('Unknown data_format: ', data_format)
  # Numpy array x has format (height, width, channel)
  # or (channel, height, width)
  # but original PIL image has format (width, height, channel)
  x = np.asarray(img, dtype=K.floatx())
  if len(x.shape) == 3:
    if data_format == 'channels_first':
      x = x.transpose(2, 0, 1)
  elif len(x.shape) == 2:
    if data_format == 'channels_first':
      x = x.reshape((1, x.shape[0], x.shape[1]))
    else:
      x = x.reshape((x.shape[0], x.shape[1], 1))
  else:
    raise ValueError('Unsupported image shape: ', x.shape)
  return x


def load_img(path, grayscale=False, target_size=None):
  """Loads an image into PIL format.

  Arguments:
      path: Path to image file
      grayscale: Boolean, whether to load the image as grayscale.
      target_size: Either `None` (default to original size)
          or tuple of ints `(img_height, img_width)`.

  Returns:
      A PIL Image instance.

  Raises:
      ImportError: if PIL is not available.
  """
  if pil_image is None:
    raise ImportError('Could not import PIL.Image. '
                      'The use of `array_to_img` requires PIL.')
  img = pil_image.open(path)
  if grayscale:
    if img.mode != 'L':
      img = img.convert('L')
  else:
    if img.mode != 'RGB':
      img = img.convert('RGB')
  if target_size:
    hw_tuple = (target_size[1], target_size[0])
    if img.size != hw_tuple:
      img = img.resize(hw_tuple)
  return img


def list_pictures(directory, ext='jpg|jpeg|bmp|png'):
  return [
      os.path.join(root, f)
      for root, _, files in os.walk(directory) for f in files
      if re.match(r'([\w]+\.(?:' + ext + '))', f)
  ]


class ImageDataGenerator(object):
  """Generate minibatches of image data with real-time data augmentation.

  Arguments:
      featurewise_center: set input mean to 0 over the dataset.
      samplewise_center: set each sample mean to 0.
      featurewise_std_normalization: divide inputs by std of the dataset.
      samplewise_std_normalization: divide each input by its std.
      zca_whitening: apply ZCA whitening.
      zca_epsilon: epsilon for ZCA whitening. Default is 1e-6.
      rotation_range: degrees (0 to 180).
      width_shift_range: fraction of total width.
      height_shift_range: fraction of total height.
      shear_range: shear intensity (shear angle in radians).
      zoom_range: amount of zoom. if scalar z, zoom will be randomly picked
          in the range [1-z, 1+z]. A sequence of two can be passed instead
          to select this range.
      channel_shift_range: shift range for each channels.
      fill_mode: points outside the boundaries are filled according to the
          given mode ('constant', 'nearest', 'reflect' or 'wrap'). Default
          is 'nearest'.
      cval: value used for points outside the boundaries when fill_mode is
          'constant'. Default is 0.
      horizontal_flip: whether to randomly flip images horizontally.
      vertical_flip: whether to randomly flip images vertically.
      rescale: rescaling factor. If None or 0, no rescaling is applied,
          otherwise we multiply the data by the value provided. This is
          applied after the `preprocessing_function` (if any provided)
          but before any other transformation.
      preprocessing_function: function that will be implied on each input.
          The function will run before any other modification on it.
          The function should take one argument:
          one image (Numpy tensor with rank 3),
          and should output a Numpy tensor with the same shape.
      data_format: 'channels_first' or 'channels_last'. In 'channels_first'
        mode, the channels dimension
          (the depth) is at index 1, in 'channels_last' mode it is at index 3.
          It defaults to the `image_data_format` value found in your
          Keras config file at `~/.keras/keras.json`.
          If you never set it, then it will be "channels_last".
  """

  def __init__(self,
               featurewise_center=False,
               samplewise_center=False,
               featurewise_std_normalization=False,
               samplewise_std_normalization=False,
               zca_whitening=False,
               zca_epsilon=1e-6,
               rotation_range=0.,
               width_shift_range=0.,
               height_shift_range=0.,
               shear_range=0.,
               zoom_range=0.,
               channel_shift_range=0.,
               fill_mode='nearest',
               cval=0.,
               horizontal_flip=False,
               vertical_flip=False,
               rescale=None,
               preprocessing_function=None,
               data_format=None):
    if data_format is None:
      data_format = K.image_data_format()
    self.featurewise_center = featurewise_center
    self.samplewise_center = samplewise_center
    self.featurewise_std_normalization = featurewise_std_normalization
    self.samplewise_std_normalization = samplewise_std_normalization
    self.zca_whitening = zca_whitening
    self.zca_epsilon = zca_epsilon
    self.rotation_range = rotation_range
    self.width_shift_range = width_shift_range
    self.height_shift_range = height_shift_range
    self.shear_range = shear_range
    self.zoom_range = zoom_range
    self.channel_shift_range = channel_shift_range
    self.fill_mode = fill_mode
    self.cval = cval
    self.horizontal_flip = horizontal_flip
    self.vertical_flip = vertical_flip
    self.rescale = rescale
    self.preprocessing_function = preprocessing_function

    if data_format not in {'channels_last', 'channels_first'}:
      raise ValueError(
          '`data_format` should be `"channels_last"` (channel after row and '
          'column) or `"channels_first"` (channel before row and column). '
          'Received arg: ', data_format)
    self.data_format = data_format
    if data_format == 'channels_first':
      self.channel_axis = 1
      self.row_axis = 2
      self.col_axis = 3
    if data_format == 'channels_last':
      self.channel_axis = 3
      self.row_axis = 1
      self.col_axis = 2

    self.mean = None
    self.std = None
    self.principal_components = None

    if np.isscalar(zoom_range):
      self.zoom_range = [1 - zoom_range, 1 + zoom_range]
    elif len(zoom_range) == 2:
      self.zoom_range = [zoom_range[0], zoom_range[1]]
    else:
      raise ValueError('`zoom_range` should be a float or '
                       'a tuple or list of two floats. '
                       'Received arg: ', zoom_range)

  def flow(self,
           x,
           y=None,
           batch_size=32,
           shuffle=True,
           seed=None,
           save_to_dir=None,
           save_prefix='',
           save_format='png'):
    return NumpyArrayIterator(
        x,
        y,
        self,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        shuffle=shuffle,
        seed=seed,
        data_format=self.data_format,
        save_to_dir=save_to_dir,
        save_prefix=save_prefix,
        save_format=save_format)

  def flow_from_directory(self,
                          directory,
                          target_size=(256, 256),
                          color_mode='rgb',
                          classes=None,
                          class_mode='categorical',
                          batch_size=32,
                          shuffle=True,
                          seed=None,
                          save_to_dir=None,
                          save_prefix='',
                          save_format='png',
                          follow_links=False):
    return DirectoryIterator(
        directory,
        self,
        target_size=target_size,
        color_mode=color_mode,
        classes=classes,
        class_mode=class_mode,
        data_format=self.data_format,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        shuffle=shuffle,
        seed=seed,
        save_to_dir=save_to_dir,
        save_prefix=save_prefix,
        save_format=save_format,
        follow_links=follow_links)

  def standardize(self, x):
    """Apply the normalization configuration to a batch of inputs.

    Arguments:
        x: batch of inputs to be normalized.

    Returns:
        The inputs, normalized.
    """
    if self.preprocessing_function:
      x = self.preprocessing_function(x)
    if self.rescale:
      x *= self.rescale
    # x is a single image, so it doesn't have image number at index 0
    img_channel_axis = self.channel_axis - 1
    if self.samplewise_center:
      x -= np.mean(x, axis=img_channel_axis, keepdims=True)
    if self.samplewise_std_normalization:
      x /= (np.std(x, axis=img_channel_axis, keepdims=True) + 1e-7)

    if self.featurewise_center:
      if self.mean is not None:
        x -= self.mean
      else:
        logging.warning('This ImageDataGenerator specifies '
                        '`featurewise_center`, but it hasn\'t'
                        'been fit on any training data. Fit it '
                        'first by calling `.fit(numpy_data)`.')
    if self.featurewise_std_normalization:
      if self.std is not None:
        x /= (self.std + 1e-7)
      else:
        logging.warning('This ImageDataGenerator specifies '
                        '`featurewise_std_normalization`, but it hasn\'t'
                        'been fit on any training data. Fit it '
                        'first by calling `.fit(numpy_data)`.')
    if self.zca_whitening:
      if self.principal_components is not None:
        flatx = np.reshape(x, (x.size))
        whitex = np.dot(flatx, self.principal_components)
        x = np.reshape(whitex, (x.shape[0], x.shape[1], x.shape[2]))
      else:
        logging.warning('This ImageDataGenerator specifies '
                        '`zca_whitening`, but it hasn\'t'
                        'been fit on any training data. Fit it '
                        'first by calling `.fit(numpy_data)`.')
    return x

  def random_transform(self, x, seed=None):
    """Randomly augment a single image tensor.

    Arguments:
        x: 3D tensor, single image.
        seed: random seed.

    Returns:
        A randomly transformed version of the input (same shape).

    Raises:
        ImportError: if Scipy is not available.
    """
    if ndi is None:
      raise ImportError('Scipy is required for image transformations.')

    # x is a single image, so it doesn't have image number at index 0
    img_row_axis = self.row_axis - 1
    img_col_axis = self.col_axis - 1
    img_channel_axis = self.channel_axis - 1

    if seed is not None:
      np.random.seed(seed)

    # use composition of homographies
    # to generate final transform that needs to be applied
    if self.rotation_range:
      theta = np.pi / 180 * np.random.uniform(-self.rotation_range,
                                              self.rotation_range)
    else:
      theta = 0

    if self.height_shift_range:
      tx = np.random.uniform(-self.height_shift_range,
                             self.height_shift_range) * x.shape[img_row_axis]
    else:
      tx = 0

    if self.width_shift_range:
      ty = np.random.uniform(-self.width_shift_range,
                             self.width_shift_range) * x.shape[img_col_axis]
    else:
      ty = 0

    if self.shear_range:
      shear = np.random.uniform(-self.shear_range, self.shear_range)
    else:
      shear = 0

    if self.zoom_range[0] == 1 and self.zoom_range[1] == 1:
      zx, zy = 1, 1
    else:
      zx, zy = np.random.uniform(self.zoom_range[0], self.zoom_range[1], 2)

    transform_matrix = None
    if theta != 0:
      rotation_matrix = np.array([[np.cos(theta), -np.sin(theta), 0],
                                  [np.sin(theta),
                                   np.cos(theta), 0], [0, 0, 1]])
      transform_matrix = rotation_matrix

    if tx != 0 or ty != 0:
      shift_matrix = np.array([[1, 0, tx], [0, 1, ty], [0, 0, 1]])
      transform_matrix = shift_matrix if transform_matrix is None else np.dot(
          transform_matrix, shift_matrix)

    if shear != 0:
      shear_matrix = np.array([[1, -np.sin(shear), 0], [0, np.cos(shear), 0],
                               [0, 0, 1]])
      transform_matrix = shear_matrix if transform_matrix is None else np.dot(
          transform_matrix, shear_matrix)

    if zx != 1 or zy != 1:
      zoom_matrix = np.array([[zx, 0, 0], [0, zy, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
      transform_matrix = zoom_matrix if transform_matrix is None else np.dot(
          transform_matrix, zoom_matrix)

    if transform_matrix is not None:
      h, w = x.shape[img_row_axis], x.shape[img_col_axis]
      transform_matrix = transform_matrix_offset_center(transform_matrix, h, w)
      x = apply_transform(
          x,
          transform_matrix,
          img_channel_axis,
          fill_mode=self.fill_mode,
          cval=self.cval)

    if self.channel_shift_range != 0:
      x = random_channel_shift(x, self.channel_shift_range, img_channel_axis)
    if self.horizontal_flip:
      if np.random.random() < 0.5:
        x = flip_axis(x, img_col_axis)

    if self.vertical_flip:
      if np.random.random() < 0.5:
        x = flip_axis(x, img_row_axis)

    return x

  def fit(self, x, augment=False, rounds=1, seed=None):
    """Fits internal statistics to some sample data.

    Required for featurewise_center, featurewise_std_normalization
    and zca_whitening.

    Arguments:
        x: Numpy array, the data to fit on. Should have rank 4.
            In case of grayscale data,
            the channels axis should have value 1, and in case
            of RGB data, it should have value 3.
        augment: Whether to fit on randomly augmented samples
        rounds: If `augment`,
            how many augmentation passes to do over the data
        seed: random seed.

    Raises:
        ValueError: in case of invalid input `x`.
        ImportError: if Scipy is not available.
    """
    x = np.asarray(x, dtype=K.floatx())
    if x.ndim != 4:
      raise ValueError('Input to `.fit()` should have rank 4. '
                       'Got array with shape: ' + str(x.shape))
    if x.shape[self.channel_axis] not in {3, 4}:
      logging.warning(
          'Expected input to be images (as Numpy array) '
          'following the data format convention "' + self.data_format + '" '
          '(channels on axis ' + str(self.channel_axis) + '), i.e. expected '
          'either 1, 3 or 4 channels on axis ' + str(self.channel_axis) + '. '
          'However, it was passed an array with shape ' + str(x.shape) + ' (' +
          str(x.shape[self.channel_axis]) + ' channels).')

    if seed is not None:
      np.random.seed(seed)

    x = np.copy(x)
    if augment:
      ax = np.zeros(
          tuple([rounds * x.shape[0]] + list(x.shape)[1:]), dtype=K.floatx())
      for r in range(rounds):
        for i in range(x.shape[0]):
          ax[i + r * x.shape[0]] = self.random_transform(x[i])
      x = ax

    if self.featurewise_center:
      self.mean = np.mean(x, axis=(0, self.row_axis, self.col_axis))
      broadcast_shape = [1, 1, 1]
      broadcast_shape[self.channel_axis - 1] = x.shape[self.channel_axis]
      self.mean = np.reshape(self.mean, broadcast_shape)
      x -= self.mean

    if self.featurewise_std_normalization:
      self.std = np.std(x, axis=(0, self.row_axis, self.col_axis))
      broadcast_shape = [1, 1, 1]
      broadcast_shape[self.channel_axis - 1] = x.shape[self.channel_axis]
      self.std = np.reshape(self.std, broadcast_shape)
      x /= (self.std + K.epsilon())

    if self.zca_whitening:
      if linalg is None:
        raise ImportError('Scipy is required for zca_whitening.')

      flat_x = np.reshape(x, (x.shape[0], x.shape[1] * x.shape[2] * x.shape[3]))
      sigma = np.dot(flat_x.T, flat_x) / flat_x.shape[0]
      u, s, _ = linalg.svd(sigma)
      self.principal_components = np.dot(
          np.dot(u, np.diag(1. / np.sqrt(s + self.zca_epsilon))), u.T)


class Iterator(object):
  """Abstract base class for image data iterators.

  Arguments:
      n: Integer, total number of samples in the dataset to loop over.
      batch_size: Integer, size of a batch.
      shuffle: Boolean, whether to shuffle the data between epochs.
      seed: Random seeding for data shuffling.
  """

  def __init__(self, n, batch_size, shuffle, seed):
    self.n = n
    self.batch_size = batch_size
    self.shuffle = shuffle
    self.batch_index = 0
    self.total_batches_seen = 0
    self.lock = threading.Lock()
    self.index_generator = self._flow_index(n, batch_size, shuffle, seed)

  def reset(self):
    self.batch_index = 0

  def _flow_index(self, n, batch_size=32, shuffle=False, seed=None):
    # Ensure self.batch_index is 0.
    self.reset()
    while 1:
      if seed is not None:
        np.random.seed(seed + self.total_batches_seen)
      if self.batch_index == 0:
        index_array = np.arange(n)
        if shuffle:
          index_array = np.random.permutation(n)

      current_index = (self.batch_index * batch_size) % n
      if n > current_index + batch_size:
        current_batch_size = batch_size
        self.batch_index += 1
      else:
        current_batch_size = n - current_index
        self.batch_index = 0
      self.total_batches_seen += 1
      yield (index_array[current_index:current_index + current_batch_size],
             current_index, current_batch_size)

  def __iter__(self):  # pylint: disable=non-iterator-returned
    # Needed if we want to do something like:
    # for x, y in data_gen.flow(...):
    return self

  def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs):
    return self.next(*args, **kwargs)


class NumpyArrayIterator(Iterator):
  """Iterator yielding data from a Numpy array.

  Arguments:
      x: Numpy array of input data.
      y: Numpy array of targets data.
      image_data_generator: Instance of `ImageDataGenerator`
          to use for random transformations and normalization.
      batch_size: Integer, size of a batch.
      shuffle: Boolean, whether to shuffle the data between epochs.
      seed: Random seed for data shuffling.
      data_format: String, one of `channels_first`, `channels_last`.
      save_to_dir: Optional directory where to save the pictures
          being yielded, in a viewable format. This is useful
          for visualizing the random transformations being
          applied, for debugging purposes.
      save_prefix: String prefix to use for saving sample
          images (if `save_to_dir` is set).
      save_format: Format to use for saving sample images
          (if `save_to_dir` is set).
  """

  def __init__(self,
               x,
               y,
               image_data_generator,
               batch_size=32,
               shuffle=False,
               seed=None,
               data_format=None,
               save_to_dir=None,
               save_prefix='',
               save_format='png'):
    if y is not None and len(x) != len(y):
      raise ValueError('X (images tensor) and y (labels) '
                       'should have the same length. '
                       'Found: X.shape = %s, y.shape = %s' %
                       (np.asarray(x).shape, np.asarray(y).shape))

    if data_format is None:
      data_format = K.image_data_format()
    self.x = np.asarray(x, dtype=K.floatx())

    if self.x.ndim != 4:
      raise ValueError('Input data in `NumpyArrayIterator` '
                       'should have rank 4. You passed an array '
                       'with shape', self.x.shape)
    channels_axis = 3 if data_format == 'channels_last' else 1
    if self.x.shape[channels_axis] not in {1, 3, 4}:
      raise ValueError(
          'NumpyArrayIterator is set to use the '
          'data format convention "' + data_format + '" '
          '(channels on axis ' + str(channels_axis) + '), i.e. expected '
          'either 1, 3 or 4 channels on axis ' + str(channels_axis) + '. '
          'However, it was passed an array with shape ' + str(self.x.shape) +
          ' (' + str(self.x.shape[channels_axis]) + ' channels).')
    if y is not None:
      self.y = np.asarray(y)
    else:
      self.y = None
    self.image_data_generator = image_data_generator
    self.data_format = data_format
    self.save_to_dir = save_to_dir
    self.save_prefix = save_prefix
    self.save_format = save_format
    super(NumpyArrayIterator, self).__init__(x.shape[0], batch_size, shuffle,
                                             seed)

  def next(self):
    """For python 2.x.

    Returns:
        The next batch.
    """
    # Keeps under lock only the mechanism which advances
    # the indexing of each batch.
    with self.lock:
      index_array, current_index, current_batch_size = next(
          self.index_generator)
    # The transformation of images is not under thread lock
    # so it can be done in parallel
    batch_x = np.zeros(
        tuple([current_batch_size] + list(self.x.shape)[1:]), dtype=K.floatx())
    for i, j in enumerate(index_array):
      x = self.x[j]
      x = self.image_data_generator.random_transform(x.astype(K.floatx()))
      x = self.image_data_generator.standardize(x)
      batch_x[i] = x
    if self.save_to_dir:
      for i in range(current_batch_size):
        img = array_to_img(batch_x[i], self.data_format, scale=True)
        fname = '{prefix}_{index}_{hash}.{format}'.format(
            prefix=self.save_prefix,
            index=current_index + i,
            hash=np.random.randint(1e4),
            format=self.save_format)
        img.save(os.path.join(self.save_to_dir, fname))
    if self.y is None:
      return batch_x
    batch_y = self.y[index_array]
    return batch_x, batch_y


def _count_valid_files_in_directory(directory, white_list_formats,
                                    follow_links):
  """Count files with extension in `white_list_formats` in a directory.

  Arguments:
      directory: absolute path to the directory containing files to be counted
      white_list_formats: set of strings containing allowed extensions for
          the files to be counted.
      follow_links: boolean.

  Returns:
      the count of files with extension in `white_list_formats` contained in
      the directory.
  """

  def _recursive_list(subpath):
    return sorted(
        os.walk(subpath, followlinks=follow_links), key=lambda tpl: tpl[0])

  samples = 0
  for _, _, files in _recursive_list(directory):
    for fname in files:
      is_valid = False
      for extension in white_list_formats:
        if fname.lower().endswith('.' + extension):
          is_valid = True
          break
      if is_valid:
        samples += 1
  return samples


def _list_valid_filenames_in_directory(directory, white_list_formats,
                                       class_indices, follow_links):
  """List paths of files in `subdir` with extensions in `white_list_formats`.

  Arguments:
      directory: absolute path to a directory containing the files to list.
          The directory name is used as class label and must be a key of
            `class_indices`.
      white_list_formats: set of strings containing allowed extensions for
          the files to be counted.
      class_indices: dictionary mapping a class name to its index.
      follow_links: boolean.

  Returns:
      classes: a list of class indices
      filenames: the path of valid files in `directory`, relative from
          `directory`'s parent (e.g., if `directory` is "dataset/class1",
          the filenames will be ["class1/file1.jpg", "class1/file2.jpg", ...]).
  """

  def _recursive_list(subpath):
    return sorted(
        os.walk(subpath, followlinks=follow_links), key=lambda tpl: tpl[0])

  classes = []
  filenames = []
  subdir = os.path.basename(directory)
  basedir = os.path.dirname(directory)
  for root, _, files in _recursive_list(directory):
    for fname in files:
      is_valid = False
      for extension in white_list_formats:
        if fname.lower().endswith('.' + extension):
          is_valid = True
          break
      if is_valid:
        classes.append(class_indices[subdir])
        # add filename relative to directory
        absolute_path = os.path.join(root, fname)
        filenames.append(os.path.relpath(absolute_path, basedir))
  return classes, filenames


class DirectoryIterator(Iterator):
  """Iterator capable of reading images from a directory on disk.

  Arguments:
      directory: Path to the directory to read images from.
          Each subdirectory in this directory will be
          considered to contain images from one class,
          or alternatively you could specify class subdirectories
          via the `classes` argument.
      image_data_generator: Instance of `ImageDataGenerator`
          to use for random transformations and normalization.
      target_size: tuple of integers, dimensions to resize input images to.
      color_mode: One of `"rgb"`, `"grayscale"`. Color mode to read images.
      classes: Optional list of strings, names of sudirectories
          containing images from each class (e.g. `["dogs", "cats"]`).
          It will be computed automatically if not set.
      class_mode: Mode for yielding the targets:
          `"binary"`: binary targets (if there are only two classes),
          `"categorical"`: categorical targets,
          `"sparse"`: integer targets,
          `"input"`: targets are images identical to input images (mainly
              used to work with autoencoders),
          `None`: no targets get yielded (only input images are yielded).
      batch_size: Integer, size of a batch.
      shuffle: Boolean, whether to shuffle the data between epochs.
      seed: Random seed for data shuffling.
      data_format: String, one of `channels_first`, `channels_last`.
      save_to_dir: Optional directory where to save the pictures
          being yielded, in a viewable format. This is useful
          for visualizing the random transformations being
          applied, for debugging purposes.
      save_prefix: String prefix to use for saving sample
          images (if `save_to_dir` is set).
      save_format: Format to use for saving sample images
          (if `save_to_dir` is set).
  """

  def __init__(self,
               directory,
               image_data_generator,
               target_size=(256, 256),
               color_mode='rgb',
               classes=None,
               class_mode='categorical',
               batch_size=32,
               shuffle=True,
               seed=None,
               data_format=None,
               save_to_dir=None,
               save_prefix='',
               save_format='png',
               follow_links=False):
    if data_format is None:
      data_format = K.image_data_format()
    self.directory = directory
    self.image_data_generator = image_data_generator
    self.target_size = tuple(target_size)
    if color_mode not in {'rgb', 'grayscale'}:
      raise ValueError('Invalid color mode:', color_mode,
                       '; expected "rgb" or "grayscale".')
    self.color_mode = color_mode
    self.data_format = data_format
    if self.color_mode == 'rgb':
      if self.data_format == 'channels_last':
        self.image_shape = self.target_size + (3,)
      else:
        self.image_shape = (3,) + self.target_size
    else:
      if self.data_format == 'channels_last':
        self.image_shape = self.target_size + (1,)
      else:
        self.image_shape = (1,) + self.target_size
    self.classes = classes
    if class_mode not in {'categorical', 'binary', 'sparse', 'input', None}:
      raise ValueError('Invalid class_mode:', class_mode,
                       '; expected one of "categorical", '
                       '"binary", "sparse", "input"'
                       ' or None.')
    self.class_mode = class_mode
    self.save_to_dir = save_to_dir
    self.save_prefix = save_prefix
    self.save_format = save_format

    white_list_formats = {'png', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'bmp'}

    # first, count the number of samples and classes
    self.samples = 0

    if not classes:
      classes = []
      for subdir in sorted(os.listdir(directory)):
        if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(directory, subdir)):
          classes.append(subdir)
    self.num_class = len(classes)
    self.class_indices = dict(zip(classes, range(len(classes))))

    pool = multiprocessing.pool.ThreadPool()
    function_partial = partial(
        _count_valid_files_in_directory,
        white_list_formats=white_list_formats,
        follow_links=follow_links)
    self.samples = sum(
        pool.map(function_partial, (os.path.join(directory, subdir)
                                    for subdir in classes)))

    print('Found %d images belonging to %d classes.' % (self.samples,
                                                        self.num_class))

    # second, build an index of the images in the different class subfolders
    results = []

    self.filenames = []
    self.classes = np.zeros((self.samples,), dtype='int32')
    i = 0
    for dirpath in (os.path.join(directory, subdir) for subdir in classes):
      results.append(
          pool.apply_async(_list_valid_filenames_in_directory, (
              dirpath, white_list_formats, self.class_indices, follow_links)))
    for res in results:
      classes, filenames = res.get()
      self.classes[i:i + len(classes)] = classes
      self.filenames += filenames
      i += len(classes)
    pool.close()
    pool.join()
    super(DirectoryIterator, self).__init__(self.samples, batch_size, shuffle,
                                            seed)

  def next(self):
    """For python 2.x.

    Returns:
        The next batch.
    """
    with self.lock:
      index_array, current_index, current_batch_size = next(
          self.index_generator)
    # The transformation of images is not under thread lock
    # so it can be done in parallel
    batch_x = np.zeros(
        (current_batch_size,) + self.image_shape, dtype=K.floatx())
    grayscale = self.color_mode == 'grayscale'
    # build batch of image data
    for i, j in enumerate(index_array):
      fname = self.filenames[j]
      img = load_img(
          os.path.join(self.directory, fname),
          grayscale=grayscale,
          target_size=self.target_size)
      x = img_to_array(img, data_format=self.data_format)
      x = self.image_data_generator.random_transform(x)
      x = self.image_data_generator.standardize(x)
      batch_x[i] = x
    # optionally save augmented images to disk for debugging purposes
    if self.save_to_dir:
      for i in range(current_batch_size):
        img = array_to_img(batch_x[i], self.data_format, scale=True)
        fname = '{prefix}_{index}_{hash}.{format}'.format(
            prefix=self.save_prefix,
            index=current_index + i,
            hash=np.random.randint(1e4),
            format=self.save_format)
        img.save(os.path.join(self.save_to_dir, fname))
    # build batch of labels
    if self.class_mode == 'input':
      batch_y = batch_x.copy()
    elif self.class_mode == 'sparse':
      batch_y = self.classes[index_array]
    elif self.class_mode == 'binary':
      batch_y = self.classes[index_array].astype(K.floatx())
    elif self.class_mode == 'categorical':
      batch_y = np.zeros((len(batch_x), self.num_class), dtype=K.floatx())
      for i, label in enumerate(self.classes[index_array]):
        batch_y[i, label] = 1.
    else:
      return batch_x
    return batch_x, batch_y
